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<center><h1> FreePascal FAQ</h1>
<h3>As distributed with FPC 0.99.14</center></h3><p>
<b>This FAQ might not be up to date. See <a href="http://www.freepascal.org/faq.html">the FPC FAQ on internet</a> for updates.</b><p>
This FAQ is in no way a substitute for the extensive documentation that accompanies FPC.<p>
<OL>
<!-- IDXSTART -->
<LI><A HREF="#WhatIsFP">What is Free Pascal(FPC) ?</A></LI>
<LI><A HREF="#versions">Which versions exist, and which one should I use?</A></LI>
<LI><A HREF="#KnownBugs">Known bugs</A></LI>
<LI><A HREF="#FPandGNUPascal">Free Pascal and GNU Pascal - a comparison</A></LI>
<LI><A HREF="#WhereToGetFP">Where can I get the compiler ?</A></LI>
<LI><A HREF="#PortabilityTips">What are the considerations in porting</A></LI>
<LI><A HREF="#OOP">I tried to compile my Delphi code with the Free Pascal Compiler,</A></LI>
<LI><A HREF="#HOMEWORK">I have to write a program for homework. Can you help?</A></LI>
<LI><A HREF="#HowcanIbuildaunit">How can I build a unit?</A></LI>
<LI><A HREF="#TurboVision">Will Free Pascal support TV (Turbo Vision) in the future?</A></LI>
<LI><A HREF="#CompileSystemUnit">How can I compile the system unit ?</A></LI>
<LI><A HREF="#Internalerror9999">I get an internal error 9999</A></LI>
<LI><A HREF="#Howdoesfunctionoverloadingwork">How does function overloading work?</A></LI>
<LI><A HREF="#HowToCallCFuncuntions">How can I call C functions ?</A></LI>
<LI><A HREF="#DJGPP2support">When will Free Pascal use DJGPP 2.0 under DOS/Windows ?</A></LI>
<LI><A HREF="#HowToUseGraph">How can I use the graph unit with Free Pascal ?</A></LI>
<LI><A HREF="#IntegratedAssemblerSyntax">Integrated Assembler syntax</A></LI>
<LI><A HREF="#HowToAccessDosMemory">How to access DOS memory / How to do graphics ?</A></LI>
<LI><A HREF="#FPwithoutfpu">Free Pascal without a math coprocessor</A></LI>
<LI><A HREF="#AccessingMoreThan4MB">Accessing more than 4 megabytes</A></LI>
<LI><A HREF="#accessioports">Access I/O ports</A></LI>
<LI><A HREF="#ImusingWin95">I'm using the Dos compiler under Windows 95</A></LI>
<LI><A HREF="#ImusingOS2">I'm using OS/2</A></LI>
<LI><A HREF="#dpmi">INSTALL.EXE of Dos version 0.99.10 reports "Load error: no DPMI"</A></LI>
<LI><A HREF="#winnt">INSTALL.EXE of Dos version 0.99.10 does not run in Windows NT</A></LI>
<LI><A HREF="#snapshot">I want a new version NOW</A></LI>
<LI><A HREF="#ideinst">Where can I find a text mode IDE for Dos</A></LI>
<LI><A HREF="#ideconfig">How do I configure the Dos IDE</A></LI>
<LI><A HREF="#binariesbig">Why are the generated binaries so big?</A></LI>
<LI><A HREF="#systemnotfound">Unit system, syslinux or syswin32 not found errors</A></LI>
<!-- IDXEND -->
</OL>
<OL>
<A NAME="WhatIsFP"></A>
<H3><LI>What is Free Pascal(FPC) ?</LI></H3>
<P>
Originally named FPK-Pascal, the Free Pascal compiler is a 32 bit Turbo
Pascal compatible Pascal compiler for DOS, Linux, Win32, OS/2 and (based on
an older version) the AmigaOS.
More Operating systems are in the works. <BR>
The compiler is written in Pascal and is able to compile its own sources.
The source files are included. <BR>
Free Pascal requires a fast computer to run efficiently (386-25 Mhz for
the Intel version and ideally a 68020 processor for the Motorola
version). At least 2 megabytes of RAM is required. To remake the compiler
more than 16 is recommended.
</P>
<P>Short history: <BR>
<B>&nbsp;6/1993</B> project start <BR>
<B>10/1993</B> first little programs work <BR>
<B>&nbsp;3/1995</B> the compiler compiles the own sources <BR>
<B>&nbsp;3/1996</B> released to the internet<br>
<B>&nbsp;probably 2000</b> 1.0 version
</P>
<A NAME="versions"></A>
<H3><LI>Which versions exist, and which one should I use?</LI></H3>
<p>
Compilers with an <b>even</b> last number are <b>release</b> versions(e.g. 0.99.8, 0.99.10, 0.99.12 and 0.99.14)<br>
Compilers and packages with an <b>odd</b> last number are <b>development</b> versions (e.g. 0.99.9, 0.99.11, 0.99.13 and 0.99.15).<p>
0.99.5 is an exception to this rule, since <b>0.99.5 IS a release</b> (a release prior to the introduction of this odd/even system)<p>
Letters behind the version number (0.99.12b, 0.99.5d) indicate release versions with some
bugs and problems in the original release (respectively 0.99.12 and 0.99.5) fixed.<p>
Normally you would want to use a release. Releases are considered stable, and
easier to support. (the bugs, quirks and unintended &quot;features&quot; are wellknown after a period of time,
and workarounds exist).<p>
Development snapshots which are generated daily reflect the current status of the compiler.
Development versions probably have new features and larger bugs fixed since the last release,
but might have some temporary stability drawbacks, (btw which are usually fixed quite soon)<p>
Most support for development snapshots are basically the advise to
upgrading to newer snapshot in which the bugs are hopefully fixed.<p>
Since version 0.99.8 the stability of the compiler steadily increased, and development
snapshots are often quite useful for certain categories of users. Ask in the maillists
if it is worth the effort in your case.<p>
<br>
The current release version is 0.99.14 for the OS/2,Linux,Windows and Dos (Go32V2) targets,<br>
and 0.99.5d for the 680x0 based systems (mainly Amiga and Mac)<p>
The current development snapshot version is 0.99.13 or 0.99.15.<p>
</P>
<A NAME="KnownBugs"></A>
<H3><LI>Known bugs</LI></H3>
<P>
Go to the <A HREF="http://www.freepascal.org/bugs.html">bugs page</A>
</P>
<A NAME="FPandGNUPascal"></A>
<H3><LI>Free Pascal and GNU Pascal - a comparison</LI></H3>
<DL>
<DT><B>aim:</B></DT>
<DD>Free Pascal tries to implement a Borland compatible pascal compiler
on as many platforms as possible. GNU Pascal tries to implement a portable
pascal compiler based on POSIX.</DD>
<DT><B>Version:</B></DT>
<DD>Currently, Free Pascal is at version 0.99.12 for the Intel version,
and version 1.0 will be out soon,
and version 0.99.5d for the Motorola/Intel version. Version 0.99.5d differs
from version 0.99.5 in that all run time library fixes have been
applied, as well as all known code generation bugs. Version 0.99.12
differs from version 0.99.5c in that all parser bugfixes have also
been applied and also a lot of Delphi 2 and Delphi 3 extensions have
been implemented. GNU Pascal is at version 2.7.2 (but this numbering is
not really an indication, it follows the GNU
C numbering, since it is a derivation of it)</DD>
<DT><B>Operating systems:</B></DT>
<DD>Free pascal runs on a limited number of systems : DOS, Win32, Linux,
OS/2 and AmigaOS and is for the moment limited to the Intel and Motorola
architectures. GNU Pascal runs basically on any system that can run GNU C.
</DD>
<DT><B>Sources:</B></DT>
<DD>Free Pascal is entirely written in Pascal (about 4 Mb of source code),
while GNU Pascal is written in C (it's an adaptation of the GNU C compiler
: 2.8 Mb code + 8 MB of GNU C code)</DD>
<DT><B>Language:</B></DT>
<DD>Free Pascal supports the Borland Pascal dialect Borland, and implements
the Delphi Object PAscal language. GNU Pascal supports ISO 7185, ISO 10206,
(most of) Borland Pascal 7.0</DD>
<DT><B>Extensions:</B></DT>
<DD>Free Pascal implements function overloading, and operator overloading).
GNU Pascal implements operator overloading.</DD>
<DT><B>License:</B></DT>
<DD>Both compilers come under the GNU GPL.</DD>
<DT><B>Author:</B></DT>
<DD>Free Pascal was started by Florian Klaempfl, Germany (klaempfl@haegar.cip.mw.tu-muenchen.de),
GNU Pascal was started by Jukka Virtanen, Finland, (jtv@hut.fi).</DD>
</DL>
<A NAME="WhereToGetFP"></A>
<H3><LI>Where can I get the compiler ?</LI></H3>
<P>
Free Pascal is available for download from all <A HREF="http://www.freepascal.org/download.html"> official mirrors</A>
</P>
<A NAME="PortabilityTips"></A>
<H3><LI>What are the considerations in porting
code to other processors?</A></H3>
<P>
Because the compiler now supports processors other than the Intel, it is
important to take a few precautions so that your code will execute
correctly on all processors.
<UL>
<LI> Limit your use of asm statements unless it is time critical code</LI>
<LI> Don't use the packed directive unless you know exactly what you are
doing. Most processors require alignment of data, and using packed on
objects,classes and records may break this requirement. If this is the
case your code will simply crash on the target processors.</LI>
<LI> Clean up at the end of your program, i.e close all files on exit,
as some operating systems don't like it when some files are left opened. </LI>
<LI> Try not to rely on the endian of the specific machines when doing
arithmetic operations. Furthermore, reading and writing of binary data
to/from files will probably require byte swaps across different endian
machines (swap is your friend in this case) </LI>
<LI> Try limiting your local variables in subroutines to 32K, as this
is the limit of some processors, use dynamic allocation instead. </LI>
<LI> Try limiting the size of parameters passed to subroutines to 32K,
as this is the limit of some processors, use const or var parameters
instead. </LI>
</UL>
</P>
<A NAME="OOP"></A>
<H3><LI>I tried to compile my Delphi code with the Free Pascal Compiler,
it seems that it doesn't recognize the OOP.</LI></H3>
<P>
The compiler supports the Delphi OOP. There may be some bugs, of course,
You should try the -S2, -Sd or -So switches (see the manuals for the
meaning of these switches)
</P>
<A NAME="HOMEWORK"></A>
<H3><LI>I have to write a program for homework. Can you help?</LI></H3>
<P>
No. Please, don't send us mail about homework, we are no teachers.
The Free Pascal development team tries to give good support for the Free
Pascal compiler and are trying to always reply to emails. If we get
emails like this, this becomes harder and harder.
</P>
<A NAME="HowcanIbuildaunit"></A>
<H3><LI>How can I build a unit?</LI></H3>
<P>
It works like in Turbo Pascal. The first keyword in the file must be
UNIT (not case sensitive). The compiler will generate two files: <TT>XXX.PPU</TT>
and <TT>XXX.O</TT>. The PPU file contains the interface information for
the compiler and the O-file the machine code (an object file, whose precise
structure depends on the assembler you used). To use this unit in another
unit or program, you must include its name in the USES clause of your program.
</P>
<A NAME="TurboVision"></A>
<H3><LI>Will Free Pascal support TV (Turbo Vision) in the future?</LI></H3>
<P>
A Turbo Vision port, called Free Vision, has progressed nicely lately. It's
already very usable, we are even writing an IDE in it. Due to copyrights
problem the FreeVision source code is not available at the moment. You can
download the IDE from the <a href="http://www.freepascal.org/develop.html#snapshot">development</a> page. and get an idea of the look and feel though.
</P>
<A NAME="CompileSystemUnit"></A>
<H3><LI>How can I compile the system unit ?</LI></H3>
<P>
To recompile the system unit, it is recommended to have GNU make installed.
typing 'make' in the rtl source directory will then recompile all RTL units
including the system unit.
You may choose to descend into the directory of your OS (e.g. rtl/go32v2)
and do a 'make' there.
</P>
<P>
It is possible to do all this manually, but you need more detailed knowledge
of the RTL tree structure for that.
</P>
<A NAME="Internalerror9999"></A>
<H3><LI>I get an internal error 9999</LI></H3>
<P>
The latest versions of the Free Pascal Compiler come with a Error Handling
routine which catches the segmentation fault, and lets the compiler exit
gracefully. This is reported as an internal error 9999. <BR>
Please try to reproduce the error and send <A HREF="http://www.freepascal.org/moreinfo.html">us</A>
a bug report.<p>
(For the curious, IE 9999 is not a specific bug. It is a safety measure which
terminates if during compiling a certain condition is not met, which can be
caused by several bugs. So if you report the bug, and get IE 9999 later in
a different piece or part of sourcecode, it could be a completely different
bug)
</P>
<A NAME="Howdoesfunctionoverloadingwork"></A>
<H3><LI>How does function overloading work?</LI></H3>
<P>
function overloading is implemented, like in C++:
</P>
<PRE>
procedure a(i : integer);
begin
end;
procedure a(s : string);
begin
end;
begin
a('asdfdasf&quot;);
a(1234);
end.
</PRE>
<P>
You must be careful. If one of your overloaded functions is in the interface
part of your unit, then all overloaded functions must be in the interface
part. If you leave one out, the compiler will complain with a 'This overloaded
function can't be local' message. Overloaded functions must differ in their
parameters, it's not enough if their return types are different.
</P>
<A NAME="HowToCallCFuncuntions"></A>
<H3><LI>How can I call C functions ?</LI></H3>
<P>
C calling convention is implemented as follows: The compiler pushes
the parameters from right to left, but the procedure has to clear the stack.
For calling the C function strcmp declare the following:
</P>
<PRE>
function strcmp(s1 : pchar;s2 : pchar) : integer;cdecl;external;
Since 0.99.5, the older [C]; won't work!
</PRE>
<A NAME="DJGPP2support"></A>
<H3><LI>When will Free Pascal use DJGPP 2.0 under DOS/Windows ?</LI></H3>
<P>
As of version 0.99.0 Free Pascal uses DJGPP 2.0. DJGPP v1.2 support has
been removed since version FPC 0.99.8.
</P>
<A NAME="HowToUseGraph"></A>
<H3><LI>How can I use the graph unit with Free Pascal ?</LI></H3>
<P>
Look at InitGraph.
</P>
<!---
If you want to use the GRAPH unit, a VESA 1.2 compliant graphics
card must be installed.
-->
<A NAME="IntegratedAssemblerSyntax"></A>
<H3><LI>Integrated Assembler syntax</LI></H3>
<P>
The default assembler syntax (AT&amp;T style) is different from the
one in Borland Pascal (Intel style).
</P>
<P>
However, as of version 0.99.0, the
compiler supports Intel style assembly syntax.
See the documentation for more info on how to use different assembler styles.
</P>
<P>
A description of the AT&amp;T syntax can be found in the DJGPP FAQ <A HREF="http://www.delorie.com/djgpp/v2faq/faq102.html#Syntax">http://www.delorie.com/djgpp/v2faq/faq102.html#Syntax</A>
or in Brennan's Guide to Inline Assembly <A HREF="http://www.rt66.com/~brennan/djgpp/djgpp_asm.html">http://www.rt66.com/~brennan/djgpp/djgpp_asm.html</A>.
The documentation also contains a chapter where the difference between
the Intel and AT&amp;T style assembly is explained.
</P>
<P>
Or you can use the convertor program at http://rcs.urz.tu-dresden.de/
schoenfu/zip/asmtrans.zip.
</P>
<A NAME="HowToAccessDosMemory"></A>
<H3><LI>How to access DOS memory / How to do graphics ?</LI></H3>
<P>
You can do like in TP, via absolute or mem, for larger blocks use the
dosmemput/dosmemget routines in unit Go32
</P>
<A NAME="FPwithoutfpu"></A>
<H3><LI>Free Pascal without a math coprocessor</LI></H3>
<P>
On the Intel version the emulator is automatically loaded by the compiler,
the file is bin\emu387.
</P>
<PRE>
SET GO32=EMU C:\PP\BIN\EMU387
</PRE>
<A NAME="AccessingMoreThan4MB"></A>
<H3><LI>Accessing more than 4 megabytes</LI></H3>
<P>
By default Free Pascal allocates only 4 meg. If it just allocated all
it could get, people running windows would have problems as Windows would
increase the swap file size to give the program more memory on and on,
until the swap file drive would be full.
</P>
<P>
You can specify the size of the heap with -Chxxxx. The default value
is -Ch4000000. Try -Ch10000000, provided you got enough swap space.
</P>
<P>
However, the heap size doesn't really matter anymore, since the Heap
is able to grow. That is, if you've used all available heap space, the
program will try to get more memory from the OS, thus the heap is limited
to the maximum amount of free memory provided by the OS.
</P>
<A NAME="accessioports"></A>
<H3><LI>Access I/O ports</LI></H3>
<P>
If you're under DOS, you should use the <TT>outport*</TT> and <TT>inport*</TT>
procedures of the go32 unit.
</P>
<P>
Since version 0.99.8, the Port array is supported like in TP, as long as you
use the ports unit in your program.
</P>
<A NAME="ImusingWin95"></A>
<H3><LI>I'm using the Dos compiler under Windows 95</LI></H3>
<P>
There is a problem with the Dos compiler and Win 95 on computers with less
than 16 MB. First set in the properties of the DOS box the DPMI memory
size to max value. Now try to start a demo program in the DOS box, e.g.
HELLO (starting takes some time). If this works you will be able to get
the compiler to work by recompiling it with a smaller heap size, perhaps
2 or 4 MB (option -Chxxxx).
</P>
<A NAME="ImusingOS2"></A>
<H3><LI>I'm using OS/2</LI></H3>
<P>
Problems have been reported that the Go32v2 compiler does not run on
some OS/2 installations. You can use the native OS/2 compiler, or compile
a GO32V1 compiler yourself.
</P>
<A NAME="dpmi"></A>
<H3><LI>INSTALL.EXE of Dos version 0.99.10 reports "Load error: no DPMI"</LI></H3>
<p>
The file cwsdpmi.exe is missing in the main directory of the zip archive.
The above message pops up of no other DPMI services are available.
Such services are for example available in a Dos window of Windows.
You can either extract that file from basego32.zip or download it from
<a href="http://www.brain.uni-freiburg.de/~klaus/cwsdpmi.exe">
http://www.brain.uni-freiburg.de/~klaus/cwsdpmi.exe</a>.
Put it into the same directory as install.exe and run install again.
</p>
<A NAME="winnt"></A>
<H3><LI>INSTALL.EXE of Dos version 0.99.10 does not run in Windows NT</LI></H3>
<p>
This is an incompatibility of the mouse driver.
Use this new version of install.exe instead:
<a href="ftp://ftp.freepascal.org/pub/fpc/snapshot/install.exe">
ftp://ftp.freepascal.org/pub/fpc/snapshot/install.exe</a>
</p>
<A NAME="snapshot"></A>
<H3><LI>I want a new version NOW</LI></H3>
<p>
In the time between the release of new official versions, you
can have a look at and test developer versions.
Be warned though: this is work under progress, so in addition to
old bugs fixed and new features added, this may also contain new bugs.
The snapshot is generated automatically each night from the current
source at that moment. Somethimes this may fail due to bigger changes
not yet fully implemented. If your version doesn't work, try again one
or two days later. Don't download the Go32V1 version for Dos, it's not
supported any more.
</p>
<p>The latest snapshot can be downloaded from the
<a href="http://www.freepascal.org/develop.html#snapshot">development</a> web page.
</p>
<p>
To install a snapshot, extract the zip archive into the existing
program directory of the last official version of fee pascal (after
making a backup of the original of course). Or extract it into an
empty directory, then move the files to the program directory,
overwriting existing files. Make sure that you extract the ZIP archiv
such that the included directory structure remains intact, for example
if you use PKUNZIP, use "pkuzip -d" instead of just "pkunzip".
</p>
<A NAME="ideinst"></A>
<H3><LI>Where can I find a text mode IDE for Dos</LI></H3>
<p>
The development of the IDE (integrated development environment)
is not yet finished. However a working test version of the IDE is available
as snapshot. It requires the latest compiler snapshot be installed on
top of the last official Dos version 0.99.12 for Go32V2. So if you
have not already done it, first install the last official
version (file dos09912.zip or dos09912full.zip, you find these in
the <a href="http://www.freepascal.org/download.html">download</a> section).
Then get and extract the latest Dos snapshot for DOS-GO32V2 (snapshot.zip)
into the directory containing the last official version.
Then do the same with one of the IDE snapshots (the debugger does not
work very well yet, so start with the version "IDE with compiler").
For more details on where to find and how to install a snapshot,
please see the previous FAQ item. For additional instructions
for required IDE configuration please also read the next FAQ item.
</p>
<A NAME="ideconfig"></A>
<H3><LI>How do I configure the Dos IDE</LI></H3>
<p>
Once you have installed the IDE (see the previous FAQ item),
it requires two configuration changes before it can compile.
This is due to the fact that the IDE includes its own compiler,
it does not use ppc386.exe and thus it also does not use the
configuration in the file ppc386.cfg. Thus if you try to compile,
you get an error message telling that it can not compile
the system unit. To fix this start fp.exe, select from the
menu Compile, then Target then Go32V2. Next select the menu
Options/Directories and in the line "Unit directories" enter the path
to your copy of the rtl directory, usually c:\pp\units\go32v2\rtl.
If you have done everything correct and it still doesn't work,
you may have grabbed a snapshot that has a bug, in this case
try again one or two days later.
</p>
<A NAME="binariesbig"></A>
<H3><LI>Why are the generated binaries so big?</LI></H3>
<p>
There are several reasons and remedies for this.
<ol>
<li>If you are using 0.99.12: Due to some problems with the binary writer, the 0.99.12 and fixes weren't
released with smartlinking RTLs. Smartlinking causes only actually used procedures,
functions and constants to be linked in.<br>
You can remedy this by using a development version and creating a smartlinking
RTL. See the <a href="http://www.freepascal.org/makecyc.html">make cycle faq</a> or use a later release if available.</li>
<lI>Generating debug code (-g options) is enabled. Use the strip utility
(or stripw for the windows platform) to remove the debuginformation.<br>
The utility is supplied with the releases, except under Linux were it is part
of the GNU binutils package.</li>
<lI>Under Dos(Go32V2) and windows targets you can use UPX to pack the .EXEs (just like e.g. pklite).
The architecture of linux doesn't allow binary packing.</li>
<lI>You can use LXLITE for packing EMX binaries, but you won't be able to run
them under DOS any more then. It might even not be possible to use them
on lower OS/2 versions (like 2.x) depending on chosen type of compression.</li>
<li>Turning on optimalisations, both for supplied packages (RTL,API,FV,FCL) as for
your own code, will also decrease code-size. </li>
</ol>
</p>
<A NAME="systemnotfound"></A>
<H3><LI>Unit system, syslinux or syswin32 not found errors</LI></H3>
<p>
System (syslinux, syswin32 depending on platform) is Pascal's base unit which is invisibly used
in all programs. This unit defines several standard procedures and structures, and must
be found to be able to compile any pascal program by FPC.<p>
The location of the system.ppu and syslinux.o files are determined by the -Fu
switch which can be specified commandline, but is usually in the ppc386.cfg
(Win32: ppc386w.cfg) configuration file.<br>
If the compiler can't find this unit there are three possible causes:
<ol>
<lI>The ppc386.cfg isn't in the same path as the compiler (go32v2 and win32),
or in /etc/ppc386.cfg or as .ppc386.cfg in your homedirectory (Linux). </li>
<li>The ppc386.cfg doesn't contain the -Fu line, or a wrong one.
See the <a href="http://www.freepascal.org/makecyc.html">make cycle faq</a> specially the chapters
about the ppc386.cfg and the directory structure.</li>
<li>The files ARE found but the wrong version or platform. Correct ppc386.cfg to
point to the right versions, or reinstall the right versions.</li>
</ol>
A handy trick can be executing &quot;ppc386 programname -vt&quot;, this shows
where the compiler is currently looking for the system unit's files. You might
want to pipe this through more(dos,windows) or less(Linux), since it can generate
more than one screen information:
<pre>
Dos,Windows:<br>
ppc386 programname -vt |more<br>
Linux:<br>
ppc386 programname -vt |less<br>
</pre>
</p>
</ol>
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